The upper arm bone (humerus), the shoulder blade (scapula), and the collarbone (clavicle) comprise your shoulder. The shoulder is a socket-and-ball joint: Your upper arm bone's ball, or head, fits into a shallow socket in your shoulder blade. The glenoid is the name given to this socket. The surfaces of the bones that touch are coated with articular cartilage, a smooth substance that protects and allows the bones to move freely. All remaining surfaces inside the shoulder joint are covered by a thin, smooth tissue called synovial membrane. In a healthy shoulder, this membrane produces a small amount of fluid that lubricates the cartilage and almost eliminates shoulder friction. The injured portions of the shoulder are removed during shoulder replacement surgery and replaced with artificial components known as prostheses. Treatment options include replacing only the head of the humerus bone (ball) or replacing both the ball and the socket (glenoid). A variety of problems can result in shoulder pain and disability, prompting patients to consider shoulder joint replacement surgery.
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